An immunology research digest on Thymulin — the zinc-dependent nonapeptide your thymus assembles block by block, with every study, every zinc-status finding, and the honest research-use status snapped into place.
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THE LOOT TABLE — SOURCES

Thymulin References and Citations

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources. DOIs and PubMed links included.

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How to use this list

These are the sources behind the thymulin references and citations used across this digest. Bracketed numbers in the text — [1], [2], and so on — map to the entries below. Where a paper has a DOI or a PubMed ID, it is linked so you can read the source yourself. The list runs from the founding zinc-dependence work through the recent immunosenescence review, and it includes the human, animal, and in-vitro studies the rest of the site draws on.

  1. Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. ↗
  2. Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. ↗
  3. Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-10. ↗
  4. Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. ↗
  5. Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. ↗
  6. Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. ↗
  7. da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. ↗
  8. Parent G, Chevalier P, Zalles L, Sevilla R, Bustos M, Dhenin JM, Jambon B. In vitro lymphocyte-differentiating effects of thymulin (Zn-FTS) on lymphocyte subpopulations of severely malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(2):274-8. ↗
  9. Mocchegiani E, Santarelli L, Muzzioli M, Fabris N. Reversibility of the thymic involution and of age-related peripheral immune dysfunctions by zinc supplementation in old mice. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1995;17(9):703-18. ↗
  10. Mizutani M, El-Fotoh M, Mori M, Ono K, Doi K, Awaya A, Matsumoto Y, Matsumoto Y. In vivo administration of serum thymic factor (FTS) prevents EMC-D virus-induced diabetes and myocarditis in BALB/cAJcl mice. Arch Virol. 1996;141(1):73-83. ↗
  11. Consolini R, Legitimo A, Calleri A, Milani M. Distribution of age-related thymulin titres in normal subjects through the course of life. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;121(3):444-7. ↗
  12. Schulz MT, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases. Immun Ageing. 2025;22(1):31. ↗
  13. Oliver MA, Marsh JA. In vivo thymulin treatments enhance avian lung natural killer cell cytotoxicity in response to infectious bronchitis virus. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3(1):107-13. ↗
  14. Reggiani PC, et al. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin (CNS analgesia and PAT peptide-analog findings). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. ↗
  15. Kobayashi H, Abe H, Ueyama T, Awaya A, Shikita M. Radioprotective effects of serum thymic factor in mice. Radiat Res. 1992;129(3):351-6. ↗
  16. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life (Epithalamin and Thymalin; thymalin is a bovine thymic complex distinct from thymulin). Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-40. ↗